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One of Jacob Oluponas earliest memories in Massachusetts is of nearly freezing in his apartment as a graduate student at Boston University during the great snowstorm of 1978. It is essentially a postcolonial approach to what AIR and . This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock. How Africa Is Changing Faith Around the World The rapid growth of many religions in Africa and the revival of AIR in postcolonial Africa have made inter-religious dialogue an urgent necessity. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. (back to text), 3 Nigerias 2006 census did not ask about religious affiliation, and recent estimates of the numbers of Muslims and Christians in the country vary. For this reason, some African theologians take African religiosity to be one of the sources of theological reflection (besides the Bible, Christian heritage, etc.). What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. After that date there will be more Christians in the south than in the north. The God described in the Bible is none other than the God who is already known in the framework of our traditional African religiosity. Holding or maintaining to a uniform doctrine is not the essence of indigenous African religions. 0000014025 00000 n This is not to say that indigenous African spirituality represents a form of theocracy or religious totalitarianism not at all. Its fundamental principle is that everything is spirit. In 1900 there were an estimated 9 million Christians (accounting for about 7 per cent of the population of Africa). << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Copyright by The Christian Century Foundation; used by permission. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. APUSH Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Dr. Mbiti is on the staff of the Ecumenical Institute at Bossey, Switzerland. I want to make a pilgrimage into Christ. (See the glossary for more information on the evil eye.). For six years I worked with the World Council of Churches in Geneva. En ce qui concerne la croyance en Dieu, il semblerait que les Biras se soient servis de la chrtient pour rendre leur dieu traditionnel Mbali plus accessible et plus comprhensif, un changement qui a rendu le Dieu des chrtiens plus compatissant et indulgent vis vis du pch. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 0000008365 00000 n I was like a snail shyly peeping out of its house after a heavy thunderstorm. Omissions? One of the things these diaspora African religions testify to is the beauty of African religions to engage a devotee on many spiritual levels. So, "Lord, help Thou my unbelief!" Nevertheless, since 1900, Christians in Africa have grown from approximately 7 million to over 450 million today. The councils programs in response to these problems are impressive. OLUPONA: Yes, and the pluralistic nature of African-tradition religion is one of the reasons for its success in the diaspora. 0000001019 00000 n While the recourse to traditional healers may be motivated in part by economic reasons and an absence of health care alternatives, it may also be rooted in religious beliefs about the efficacy of this approach. When this happens, then a passage such as Hebrews 1:1-3 rolls down like mighty waters, full of exciting possibilities of theological reflection. This chapter includes information on: Traditional African religious beliefs, such as belief in the protective power of sacrifices to ancestors Traditional African religious practices, such as owning sacred objects Download chapter 3 in full (3-page PDF, <1MB) Photo credit: Sebastien Desarmaux/GODONG/Godong/Corbis www.ej-theology.org Christianity and Indigenisation in Africa But they used the names of the God who was and is already known by African peoples -- such as Mungu, Mulungu, Katonda, Ngai, Olodumare, Asis, Ruwa, Ruhanga, Jok, Modimo, Unkulunkulu and thousands more. He has researched and written about such diverse religious cultures as the Hare Krishnas, Zoroastrians, Shakers, and the Old Order Amish. Vodou ritual activity (e.g., prayer, song, dance, and gesture) is aimed at refining and restoring balance and energy in relationships between people and between people and the spirits of the unseen world. 0000005005 00000 n The more I peeped into African religious insights about God, the more I felt utterly unable to use the word "only" in this case. Its aims were to encourage formal and informal dissemination of knowledge through an annual conference and publications; promote relations with other academic and professional associations, aboriginal groups, and governments; and publicize ethnological research and activities to further understanding of ethnological practices. 0000000676 00000 n 75 19 (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) in the history of religions from Boston University. This article appeared in the Christian Century, August 27- September 3, 1980, pp. GAZETTE: But yet you said its a mixed bag? OLUPONA: One of the basic reasons is that indigenous African spiritual beliefs are not bound by a written text, like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The numerous traditional African religions have in common the notion of a creator god, who made the world and then withdrew, remaining remote from the concerns of human life. As for the belief in God, it appears that the Bira have utilized Christianity to make their traditional God Mbali less remote and more caring, a change which has also made the Christian God more compassionate and forgiving of sins. The fusion of cultures that was effected by the conquest of Alexander the Great (4th century bce), his successors, and the Roman Empire tended to bring together a variety of religious and philosophical views that resulted in a strong tendency toward religious syncretism. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Theological development in Africa must inevitably grow within this religious setting. in social anthropology from Oxford University, is studying for a master of theological studies (M.T.S.) 0000002884 00000 n I have seen the quest more sharply. GAZETTE: What allows African indigenous religions to be so accommodating? I should also state that there are signs of the revival of African indigenous practices in many parts of Africa. I have concentrated these comments on the role of African background in my theological reflection. We can list some obvious and often publicized factors. At Makerere University I taught New Testament, African religion and other courses. African religion has equipped people to listen to the gospel, to discover meaningful passages in the Bible, and to avoid unhealthy religious conflict. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. And this witness deserves ones support through service and prayer. L'interdiction de pratiquer le culte des anctres est l'unique domaine dans lequel la mission chrtienne a triomph de la vie religieuse traditionnelle des Biras. All too often, the result is conflict and radicalisation. The conviction that people will be reborn in this world again and again tends to be more common among Christians than Muslims. I had it. African Traditional Religion in the Context of increasing Christian and Islamic Encounter . As the map also shows, the ratio of Christians to Muslims increases the further south one goes in the continent. Anthropologica The Pew Forums survey found 52% of the population is Muslim. But I am grateful for that one step I may be taking under the light of this vision. My findings were used in teaching, but eventually I put them together in a book, Concepts of God in Africa, published by the British publisher SPCK (1970). Request Permissions, Published By: Canadian Anthropology Society. interaction between the Christian churches and West African religious culture. Yet . There is some regional difference in ritual practice across Haiti, and branches of the religion include Rada, Daome, Ibo, Nago, Dereal, Manding, Petwo, and Kongo. Nigeria, the most populous country in all of Africa, has the largest number of Muslims as well as the largest number of Christians in the region.3. He went on to conduct some of the most significant research on African religions in decades. It will keep me chewing for a long time, and it will most certainly feed my theological development. That finished the interview. When we identify the God of the Bible as the same God who is known through African religion (whatever its limitations), we must also take it that God has had a historical relationship with African peoples. Diviners who go through a long educational and apprenticeship program hold the history, culture, and spiritual traditions of the African people. This is in sharp contrast with the religious composition of the region about 100 years ago, when, according to a Pew Forum analysis of historical information from the World Religion Database, less than a quarter of the population identified as either Christian or Muslim. African religions and corresponding beliefs and practices I wont pray to an orisa, but I will affirm the importance of my connection with members of my age group. Their history has a theological meaning. This bitter conflict has led to wanton destruction of lives and property, and this has become a source of great worry to the writers. Unlike in Europe and the United States, very few people in sub-Saharan Africa say they are unaffiliated with a particular faith. While Islam and Christianity tend to . But in practical terms, there is a Christian Yes to African religiosity. One important task, then, is to see the nature, the method and the implications of Gods revelation among African peoples, in the light of the biblical record of the same revelation. Amen. 817-820. 0000001586 00000 n In this overpowering environment, one simply accepted this stand and looked at the world from its perspectives. According to the 2003 Demographic and Health Survey, for example, Muslims constituted 50% of the population, while the 2008 DHS figure is 45% and the Nigerian Ministry of Healths 2008 estimate is 50%. The recipient of many prestigious academic honors and research fellowships, Olupona also received the 20152016 Reimar Lust Award for International and Cultural Exchange, considered one of Germanys most prestigious academic honors. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Their culture, history, world views and spiritual aspirations cannot be taken away from them. The missionaries who introduced the gospel to Africa in the past 200 years did not bring God. Again, it doesnt reflect the multiplicity of ways that traditional African spirituality has conceived of deities, gods, and spirit beings. No viable theology can grow in Africa without addressing itself to the interreligious phenomenon at work there. Its consequences for theological and ecclesiological developments are yet to be faced. OLUPONA: Indigenous African religions refer to the indigenous or native religious beliefs of the African people before the Christian and Islamic colonization of Africa. The fusion of cultures that was effected by the conquest of Alexander the Great (4th century bce ), his successors, and the Roman Empire tended to bring together a variety of religious and philosophical views that resulted in a strong tendency toward religious syncretism. The previous year I had published African Religions and Philosophy (Doubleday, 1969). In its place there emerged the word "also." The award allows Olupona a year of study and research in Germany; he is on leave this year (201516). The WCCs very existence as a council of churches is a living hope. That which had been seen as the enemy of the gospel turns out (to me) to be indeed a very welcoming friend. Islam And Christianity Christianity came first to the continent of Africa in the 1st or early 2nd century AD. The concept of the church as the body of Christ in the whole world is another growing development for me.
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As a part of Jhan Dhan Yojana, Bank of Baroda has decided to open more number of BCs and some Next-Gen-BCs who will rendering some additional Banking services. We as CBC are taking active part in implementation of this initiative of Bank particularly in the states of West Bengal, UP,Rajasthan,Orissa etc.
We got our robust technical support team. Members of this team are well experienced and knowledgeable. In addition we conduct virtual meetings with our BCs to update the development in the banking and the new initiatives taken by Bank and convey desires and expectation of Banks from BCs. In these meetings Officials from the Regional Offices of Bank of Baroda also take part. These are very effective during recent lock down period due to COVID 19.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the Models used by Bank of Baroda for implementation of Financial Inclusion. ICT based models are (i) POS, (ii) Kiosk. POS is based on Application Service Provider (ASP) model with smart cards based technology for financial inclusion under the model, BCs are appointed by banks and CBCs These BCs are provided with point-of-service(POS) devices, using which they carry out transaction for the smart card holders at their doorsteps. The customers can operate their account using their smart cards through biometric authentication. In this system all transactions processed by the BC are online real time basis in core banking of bank. PoS devices deployed in the field are capable to process the transaction on the basis of Smart Card, Account number (card less), Aadhar number (AEPS) transactions.