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Indeed, no one can know the future with certainty. Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. Hand outs and case studies given in class for Exam 2 Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Consequentialism - Logo of the BBC This document is part of a series of papers intended to introduce Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. . In this chapter, we will begin by defining consequentialism, and contrasting it with deontology. Decision-making; ethics of care; interprofessional working; moral dissonance; moral distress; nursepatient relationships; professional ethics; qualitative research; virtue ethics. Loos HS, Wieczorek D, Wrtz, RP, von der Malsburg C, Horsthemke B. Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Gnther M, et al. MIT Technology Review. The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams famous Jim and the Indians thought experiment, quoted above. The consequentialist could retort that in calculating what course of action is right, the individuals integrity can be taken into account. 2017;8:1883. government site. This chapter discusses consequentialism. Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. P2. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. But as previously stated, war and the strife and chaos that comes with it are undesirable; however, in this particular circumstance something that may be bad as war can be said to be a for a good cause. Learn more in our Cookie Policy. Utilitarianism: Strengths & Weaknesses - VIVA Open Publishing Consequentialism | ethics | Britannica Rule-consequentialism avoids a number of problems which have caused trouble to act-consequentialists. . The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Face recognition methods and applications. Consequentialism is the position that morality is determined by the outcome of good or bad consequences caused by a person's actions. LinkedIn and 3rd parties use essential and non-essential cookies to provide, secure, analyze and improve our Services, and (except on the iOS app) to show you relevant ads (including professional and job ads) on and off LinkedIn. Deontology Essay Examples | Essay Sample On Deontology If this is demanded of all moral agents, then general unhappiness is likely to ensue rather than the opposite. MeSH Accessed July 17, 2018. 15 Utilitarianism Advantages and Disadvantages - ConnectUS Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? Int J Environ Res Public Health. One World Identity. Any prior commitments are disregarded or, if taken into consideration, are unlikely to have any substantial effect on the outcome. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. B what are the relative advantages and disadvantages - Course Hero National Library of Medicine Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. As FRT becomes capable of detecting a wider range of health conditions, such as behavioral24 or developmental disorders,25 health care organizations and software developers will need to decide which types of analyses should be included in a FRT system and the conditions under which patients might need to be informed of incidental findings. Informed consent. 2022 Jan 6;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010012. On the next ward is Patient A who has a curable disease and also is a suitable donor for the other patients. 8600 Rockville Pike You must recall and relate knowledge of how the professionals in the case studies promote equality and diversity and the skills and attributes needed to do this.. 25 (4). Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Ethics Med Public Health. 14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such . The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. Calculating Consequences:The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics Consequentialism In Medical Ethics - 1281 Words | Cram Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. The consequentialism theory suggests that the correct moral response is related to the . utilitarianism could be seen as a radically egalitarian philosophy. 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Utilitarianism Theory - Green Garage 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9786. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189786. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. 2016 May;23(3):265-76. doi: 10.1177/0969733014564101. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. 1. Conseque. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. No one desires the strife of war in life, but it is sometimes necessary and morally justified to engage in war. 2012 Jul;68(7):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05897.x. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in his/her doctor, and perhaps doctors generally, resulting in him/her not accessing healthcare in the future with a detrimental effect on his/her (and others?) Aims: The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. It presents Utilitarianism as characterised by the following five features: (1) consequentialism, (2) welfarism, (3) equality of moral status and impartiality, (4) maximisation, (5) aggregation. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Frontiers | On Consequentialism and Fairness Privacy and data protections are key to advancing FRT and making it helpful. Instead, it is being driven by patients, who are increasingly turning into consumers. Her research focuses on neuroethics as well as the ethics of digital health technology and machine learning with a focus on mental health issues and special populations. Principlism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma: A person should choose the action that maximises good consequences. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. Youve read one of your four complimentary articles for this month. Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. Does the pain that Jim would feel not need to be taken into account when looking at the best overall outcome? HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Deontology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics From a consequentialist point of view it doesnt matter who commits the murder, merely the amount of lives lost in the end, so Jim would be just as responsible for the deaths as the captain is surely an absurd outcome. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. Answer (1 of 4): The term 'consequentialism' was coined by the philosopher G E M Anscombe in her 1958 paper, 'Modern Moral Philosophy' (Philosophy 33, No. To do so, lets look at a current example of limited resources, such as ventilators, in hospitals during the Covid-19 outbreak and how we may decide which patients should be allocated these resources. Washington Post. In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare. Shakya S, Sharma S, Basnet A. Deontological Ethics. 110-233, 122 Stat 881. 2014 Nov;40(11):1529-42. doi: 10.1177/0146167214551154. 2022 Jun;22:100717. doi: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100717. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app. Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. Robert Torrance continues a debate, started by Charlotte Blease in an earlier issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics, about what conditions must be met in order for patients to consent to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ( see page 371 ). This was his theory of rule utilitarianism. But if telling a lie. Any consequentialist ethical theory has to provide a justification of how we decide which consequences are good or bad. Deontological Ethics By Kant | Fractus Learning Epub 2014 Sep 24. Given its insistence on summing the benefits and harms of all people, utilitarianism asks us to look beyond self-interest to consider impartially the interests of all persons affected by our actions. Deontology is a system of ethical analysis, most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, that bases the correctness of one's actions on fulfilling the duties of the actor (Alexander and Moore, 2008).Thus individuals have moral obligations to others and, if they fulfill those obligations, they are acting ethically; if they . Discussion: Published April 25, 2018. Accessed October 26, 2018. Ethical decision making in nurses. When making ethical decisions within healthcare, the patients must have a clear channel of communication between the health care provider and the patient, as without this the patients wished cannot be taken into consideration. Epub 2020 Mar 30. Consequentialism And Abortion - 1828 Words | Internet Public Library Chan School of Public Health. PMC New technology may provide the answer. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). Tap here to review the details. In particular, it retains a commitment in many jurisdictions to the Sanctity of Life Doctrine, though this is being shed or modified as assisted dying becomes legalised. Consequentialism Summary & Theories - Study.com Pharmacy (Basel). There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. Bahrampour T. Can your face reveal how long youll live? Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. But in Jims case his pain at killing one person is a relatively minor consideration when the very lives of nineteen others (and the happiness of their families and friends) is at stake. Accessed July 17, 2018. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. BBC - Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Ethics: a general introduction Consequentialism in scenario. Stud Health Technol Inform. To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. Aggregative Consequentialism = which consequences are best is some function of the values of parts of those consequences (as opposed to rankings of whole worlds or sets of consequences). As consequentialism only looks at the consequences it allows for negative responsibility; that is, being held morally accountable not for some action, but for failing to act to prevent bad things happening. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. All Rights Reserved. Closed loop deep brain stimulation for PTSD, addiction, and disorders of affective facial interpretation: review and discussion of potential biomarkers and stimulation paradigms. One does not have to be a specialist in ethics to do so. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. The desire to save people's lives sometimes does not allow doctors to understand that some patients want the opposite. Philos Public Aff. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Int J Lang Commun Disord. Accessed March 28, 2017. Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. For a theory often touted as promoting happiness, this is a problem. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. The other concern people express is the tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic. McCullom R. Facial recognition technology is both biased and understudied. Updated October 19, 2016. Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B. Mazura JC, Juluru K, Chen JJ, Morgan TA, John M, Siegel EL. If such a public health goal (e .g., herd immunity, protecting the most vulnerable, protecting the capacity of the acute health care system) can be achieved with less co ercive -1- COVID-19 and mandatory vaccination: Ethical considerations and caveats Accessed July 25, 2018. Before What is consequentialism? What are some examples? - Quora Parmar DN, Mehta BB. Bina RW, Langevin JP. Consequentialism - Ministry of Ethics .co.uk 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. Use of facial recognition technology for medical purposes: balancing privacy with innovation. Much of medical law is consequentialist in nature. Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. The author(s) had no conflicts of interest to disclose. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging.13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example.14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such as monitoring elderly patients for safety or attempts to leave a health care facility16 or monitoring medication adherence through the use of sensors and facial recognition to confirm when patients take their medications.17. Is a theory of moral obligation their proponent puts it forth as a framework within which a person can correctly determine, on any given occasion, what he or she (morally) ought to do [ 2 ]. Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? The standardized definition of Utilitarianism is that actions are defined as being "right" or "correct" based on the ability it has to promote happiness. 104-191, 110 Stat 1936. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html.
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As a part of Jhan Dhan Yojana, Bank of Baroda has decided to open more number of BCs and some Next-Gen-BCs who will rendering some additional Banking services. We as CBC are taking active part in implementation of this initiative of Bank particularly in the states of West Bengal, UP,Rajasthan,Orissa etc.
We got our robust technical support team. Members of this team are well experienced and knowledgeable. In addition we conduct virtual meetings with our BCs to update the development in the banking and the new initiatives taken by Bank and convey desires and expectation of Banks from BCs. In these meetings Officials from the Regional Offices of Bank of Baroda also take part. These are very effective during recent lock down period due to COVID 19.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the Models used by Bank of Baroda for implementation of Financial Inclusion. ICT based models are (i) POS, (ii) Kiosk. POS is based on Application Service Provider (ASP) model with smart cards based technology for financial inclusion under the model, BCs are appointed by banks and CBCs These BCs are provided with point-of-service(POS) devices, using which they carry out transaction for the smart card holders at their doorsteps. The customers can operate their account using their smart cards through biometric authentication. In this system all transactions processed by the BC are online real time basis in core banking of bank. PoS devices deployed in the field are capable to process the transaction on the basis of Smart Card, Account number (card less), Aadhar number (AEPS) transactions.