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144 ff.). In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . 231-246, Brinkman, J. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. 1 The Assyrian Empire. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. (2012). 1, 2006, pp. Early Periods, 4. 43 f.; cf. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. Coss(a)ei, Cossiaei, etc., i.e., Kassites (along with he Kissa as the name of the Kassites country; see Weissbach, 1921, 1922; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135; Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 471b). Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty. The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. "Kassite." Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. Yanoam is made non-existent. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. A Guide to 23. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon. (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. 59, no. 88 f.). According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. The Kassite kings were called, by themselves and their colleagues in other Near Eastern states, kings of the land of Kar(an)dunia, the latter being a term for Babylonia that may have been Kassite in origin (del Monte and Tischler, 1978, pp. Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. MacGinnis, J. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. . 88-124, Clayden, Tim. 1, 1989, pp. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. 211 f.). The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. Volume 1 Kardunia. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. Kassites played a central role in the military. Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. the Babylonian Tradition in the Second Millennium B.C. Gasche et al. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. The first-millennium Babylonian King Lists assign the Kassite dynasty the longest rule of all the other dynasties who ruled Babylonia: 36 kings who ruled for 576 years and nine months. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). Volume 1 Kardunia. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, JNES 15, 1956, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. ISBN 978-9004430914. They ruled for over 400 years. The interest of the boundary stones for modern scholars is not only economic and religious but also artistic. Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. 19-38. 55 f., 231, 325 ff., 336 ff.). The Early Kassite Period". A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. Richardson (2002, p. 54) points out that southern Mesopotamian refugees were absorbed in the northern cities, whereas members of non-Mesopotamian population groups, such as Kassites, Elamites, and West Semitic semi-nomads (Suteans, Ahlamites) were diverted to rural establishments, such as encampments and fortresses. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. 850-98. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 10, 1980, pp. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. A terminus post quem for the Kassites penetration into the Middle Euphrates region and Upper Mesopotamia in general can be deduced from the absence of Kassite names.in the rich documentation from early Old Babylonian Mari, Tuttul, Tall Lln, and Chaghar Bazar. Isin in the Kassite Period". The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. 163-69). Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. 240-44. 15-26. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. J.A. Volume 1 Kardunia. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. "The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State." The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. 251-54. 11-15). Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. 86 ff.). W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. In the 1st millennium the Kassites withdrew to the Zagros Mountains, where they opposed the eastward expansion of Assyrian power and paid tribute to Persia. At some point between the 14th and 9th centuries BCE, the great ziggurat of Babylon was built which would later become associated with the Tower of Babel. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. The state sector, namely, the royal family, bureaucrats, priests, artisans, and attached labor (dependents and slaves of the palaces and temples), seems to have been the dominant one in the economy of Kassite Babylonia. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). The third people group is thought be Israel. Related Content Slavery was common, but not the dominant factor of the workforce. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). The Assyrians were great warriors. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Kassite and Elamite Kings". They later regained power yet would be defeated along with many other nations under King Nebuchadnezzar in the seventh century BC. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). 1499-1503. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. The fall of Babylon is a historical event that occurred in 539 BC. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . Jt. Updates? Learn how your comment data is processed. The chronology of the Kassite rulers is very uncertain. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. The Babylonian Empire. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. But Babylonia remained a world power: the Hittite king Hattuili III contacted Kadaman-Enlil II (1258-50 BCE) when the latter became king, in order to continue their good relations. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). 17 f.). The names of some Kassite deities are known. The Kassite penetration into Mesopotamia. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . Where did the Kassite people originally come from? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. Ghent, 1998. (1969): 310-348, Kaniuth, Kai. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. 113-118. 271-81. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 257 ff. Major construction occurred under Kadashman-Enlil, Kudur-Enlil, and Shagarakti-Shuriash, with lesser levels of repair work under Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Mid-12th Century. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). 58 f., 65 f.; cf. How Long In Prison? The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . Thank you! The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. J. Idem, Kossaioi, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 22, 1922, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. 421-436. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. kudurru). We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store Kassite period. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War.
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