covid and testicular swelling

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covid and testicular swelling

Advances Urol. And theres no indication that they did an ultrasound of his scrota. There may also be generalized lymphedema in the lower limbs. Review/update the These include the epididymis (a coiled tube situated at the back of each testicle) or the vas deferens (the tube that connects the epididymis to your urinary tract). 2017;114(19):33946. Instead, there are certain factors that can predispose a person to testicular torsion, including: Certain types of testicular cancer spread faster than others. Testicular cancer typically presents with several early signs and symptoms, which include: A lump or swelling in one or both testicles. John considers himself a pretty nice guy, and an even better writer. Most lumps and swelling are benign, but may require treatment. of Health and Human Services, Fact-check: Erectile dysfunction, swollen testicles and sperm count after COVID-19 vaccination or infection, COVID-19 vaccines arenotlinked to swollen testicles, erectile dysfunction or lower sperm counts, COVID-19infectioncan cause swollen testicles, erectile dysfunction and lower sperm counts. Swollen testicles, also known as testicular swelling, can be a sign of many things, both minor and major. You may assume that a swollen testicle is not as serious if there is no pain. "It also has the potential to increase our understanding of long COVID and the development of novel therapies targeting different long COVID comorbidities.". Radiologyreported P E and DVT (in both legs, and in both lungs. WebSwollen testicles (also known as scrotal swelling) can be a sign of a variety of things, including injury, infection or a testicular tumor. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no RV* Orchitis is the medical term for testicular swelling or inflammation. This type of cancer is relatively rare, but it is the most common cancer in males aged 15-35. Eur Urol Focus. All rights reserved. These symptoms can happen with certain health problems, including blocked blood flow in a twisted testicle. They list some of the most common symptoms, including pain and swelling at the injection site and fever, chills, tiredness, and headaches. Accessed Nov. 23, 2022. While most cases are unilateral (involving only one testicle), some cases are bilateral (affecting both testicles). The testicles, also called the testes, are an important part of the male reproductive system. Aims: It can create a visible bulge on the groin and extend into the scrotum, causing unilateral testicular swelling. Swollen testicles, even when mild, should never be considered normal. You may also feel a dull ache or heaviness in the testicle, particularly after physical exertion. Accessed Nov. 23, 2022. Perhaps. If the SARS-CoV2 were to cause orchitis, it wouldnt be the first or even the second virus to do so. Best Mens Running Shoes: Top 5 Sneakers Most Recommended By Experts, Best Slippers For Men: Top 5 Cozy House-Shoes Most Recommended By Experts, Like father, like son: Research shows young men copy their fathers masculinity, Best Online Therapy Services: Top 5 Virtual Counseling Programs, According To Experts, Best MLB First Basemen Of All Time: Top 5 Legendary Players, According To Sports Experts, Best Exercise Bikes: Top 5 Stationary Rides Most Recommended By Experts, Fashion trends in 2023: Customized shirts are in, animal print is out, Best Setting Powders: Top 5 Products Recommended By Beauty Experts, Want to get your kids to eat their vegetables? The fluid usually is absorbed by age 1 or 2. MeSH Candida or other fungal infections. A study published in the journalFertility and Sterility found no evidence of the COVID-19 coronavirus in the semen from men who had recovered from the infection. Ultrasound Imaging Findings of Acute Testicular Infection in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Dr. Shannan Rossis lab at UTMB is no stranger to the subject of viruses and testicles. We rate the claim that the COVID-19 vaccine caused one man's swollen testicles and impotence MISSING CONTEXT, based on our research. Tuberculosis. A paper that has been posted on the open platformMedRxiv has garnered some media and social media attention and included the following statement: High expression of ACE2 in testes raises the possibility that testicular viral reservoirs may play a role in viral persistence in males and should be further investigated. As I described for Forbes previously, the COVID-19 coronavirus attaches to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on your cells before entering those cells. Meta-analysis shows phytosterol-fortified foods effectively lower LDL cholesterol levels. Chen L, Huang X, Yi Z, Deng Q, Jiang N, Feng C, Zhou Q, Sun B, Chen W, Guo R. J Ultrasound Med. Although testicular cancer is a less likely cause, swollen testicles are one of the defining symptoms. -, Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. privacy practices. I had a positive PCR test 11 days ago, and rapid tests just turned negative today. We also know that COVID-19 can cause hyperinflammation throughout the body, especially in the heart and surrounding muscles. With that said, if there is sudden, severe pain and swelling with nausea or vomiting, go to your nearest emergency room as these are signs of a medical emergency known as testicular torsion. Is One Testicle Bigger Than the Other Normal? I am a writer, journalist, professor, systems modeler, computational and digital health expert, avocado-eater, and entrepreneur, not always in that order. 2023 Jan-Feb;49(1):24-40. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2022.0281. Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer. Web(Stock, Getty Images) An otherwise healthy man developed testicular swelling while fighting off the coronavirus, research has revealed. Risk factors for getting a hydrocele later in life include: A hydrocele often isn't dangerous and usually doesn't affect the ability to have a baby. In addition to the pain and swelling, bacterial infections of the epididymis can lead to the formation of a pus-filled abscess. After vaccination Anatomy and physiology of genital organs - men, Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management, A critical appraisal on the role of varicocele in male infertility, Testicular torsion in the emergency room: a review of detection and management strategies, Facts about testicular cancer: testicular cancer statistics, Urogenital infection as a risk factor for male infertility, Surgery to treat infertility or severe chronic pain, Surgical removal of a hydrocele (hydrocelectomy), if needed, Manually untwisting the testicle (manual detorsion), Testicle pain and tenderness, ranging from a dull ache to sudden, severe pain, Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or, Pain with movement or when lifting heavy objects, Abnormal testicle position, including a high-riding testicle, A testicle that is positioned higher than normal or at an unusual angle, Having one testicle that is larger than the other, Having a condition present at birth called a bell-clapper deformity in which the spermatic cord attached to the testicle is able to rotate more freely. (Stock, Getty Images) An otherwise healthy man developed testicular swelling while fighting off the coronavirus, research has revealed. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. If diagnosed early before the cancer spreads (metastasizes), the five-year survival rate is a very optimistic 95%, However, if the diagnosis is delayed and metastasis occurs, the survival rate drops to 73%. It needs to be treated within hours of the symptoms starting to save the testicle. . Understanding the Role of Epigenetics in Cancer, Understanding Chronic Cough: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis, Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised; Differences in the Penile Microbiome. A hydrocele often isn't painful or harmful. 2023 Apr 28. doi: 10.1007/s10815-023-02795-y. WebSometimes, epididymitis occurs when pee (urine) flows backward into your epididymis. Both had "normal erectile function" before their COVID-19 infections. CMAJ. Kidney disease is associated with inhospital death of patients with COVID19. I have no testicular or urinary pain, and my doctor performed a testicular exam that was normal. WebEpididymitis is swelling (inflammation) of the tube that connects the testicle with the vas deferens. A baby's hydrocele often goes away on its own. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. It's important totreat personal stories differently than scientific research. A lot of infections can cause testicular swelling, including E. coli bacteria, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mumps. Share your stories, experiences, answer questions and vent! Click here for an email preview. Except for unconfirmed reports on social media, there's no evidence that the COVID-19 vaccination is linked to testicular swelling. Metrovi, Tomislav. With a hydrocele, fluid collects in the thin sheath that surrounds the testicle. ", treat personal stories differently than scientific research. This document is subject to copyright. Well, the paper described how the authors found that cells in testicles tend to have higher numbers of these ACE2 receptors. "Even if this is only a small percentage of the infected, it represents millions of men who may suffer from a negative impact on their sexual health and fertility," Hope said. Now, according to this case report authored by Jesi Kim, Todd Thomsen, Naomi Sell, and Andrew J.Goldsmith from Harvard Medical School, the doctors did not find anything abnormal when examining the patients testicles. From nanoparticle-based enrichment to mass spec refinements, they explore how these tools facilitate unbiased, deep, and rapid proteomics. The .gov means its official. WebFrom a total of 142 patients with COVID19 enrolled in this study, 39 of them (27.5%) showed inflammatory imaging hallmarks such as a thickened fibrous covering of the testis (tunica Kashif J. Piracha, MD, is a board-certified physician with over 14 years of experience treating patients in acute care hospitals and rehabilitation facilities. The observed risk of acute scrotal infection also increased with age, reaching 53.3% in patients that were older than 80years of age. When both the testicle and epididymis are affected, it is known as epididymo-orchitis. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Eyre, RC. Infection, including a sexually transmitted infection. Webon the brand of Hib or of COVID-19 vaccine used. Researchers there had already spent years studying the ability of the mosquito-borne Zika virus to infect testicles. Multiple tissues of the male genital tract can be infected with SARS-CoV-2, reports a new Northwestern Medicine study in large animal models. This content does not have an English version. AskMayoExpert. WebTesticular torsion must be considered in any patient who complains of acute scrotal pain and swelling. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. A lot of infections can cause testicular swelling, including E. coli bacteria, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mumps. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Cannabis users with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia more likely to experience psychotic symptoms. Other epididymitis causes include: Blockage in your urethra (the tube that carries pee from your body). Hydrocele. This study found that reported ED was higher in COVID-19 positive people. These findings are sure to make men the world over cross their legs in concern. A varicocele is a condition in which veins inside thescrotum, called the pampiniform plexus, become abnormally enlarged. It is often difficult to tell what the underlying cause is until you are examined by a healthcare provider. Data have suggested that men who get infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more likely to suffer worse outcomes than women, as Nina Shapiro described for Forbes. With certain blunt-force injuries, a person may also experience scrotal hematocele (a collection of blood in the scrotum). 2012 Jan-Feb;35(1):38-45. doi: 10.4103/2319-4170.106168. He did feel feverish for the two days prior, although at the emergency department, his body temperature was not elevated. He is admittedly biased, though. How are Women Emotionally Affected After a Hysterectomy? Front Public Health. 1.0 Introduction . At least 5% of newborn males have a hydrocele. Are There Tests to Diagnose the Cause of Swollen Testicles? This article looks at the symptoms and causes of swollen testicles, including how the condition is diagnosed and treated. WebTesticular pain has been reported as an unusual presentation of COVID since July, but theres been little data to assess how often it occurs. An inguinal hernia isn't necessarily dangerous but can be painful, especially when you cough, bend over, or lift a heavy object. Brenner JS, et al. But if your baby still has a hydrocele after a year or if the swelling gets worse, ask your child's health care provider to check the hydrocele again. You may opt-out by. Testicular cancer is a less common cause of swollen testicles that affects around 9,000 people in the United States yearly. Sjogrens syndrome. Bookshelf Of course, systemic inflammatory reaction and present co-morbidities have to be taken into account because they can also result in tissue enlargement and testicular swelling. 2015;56(1):311. If you have swollen testicles, they appear Posted in: Men's Health News | Medical Research News | Disease/Infection News, Tags: ACE2, Angiotensin, B Cell, Bacteria, Biopsy, Blood, Blood Vessels, Brain, Cardiology, Cell, Children, Compound, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Disease COVID-19, covid-19, Diagnostic, Electron, Endocrinology, Enzyme, Epididymis, Epididymitis, Fertility, Heart, Hospital, Hydrocele, Imaging, Inflammation, Liver, Lungs, Medicine, Micrograph, Orchitis, Pandemic, Receptor, Research, Respiratory, SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Syndrome, T-Cell, Thyroid, Ultrasound, Virus. Others, like inguinal hernia, may benefit from a watch-and-wait approach, while others still require aggressive medical intervention. Do the COVID-19 vaccines cause swollen testicles, erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower sperm count? However, two days later, it turned that he tested positive for COVID-19. Should I be concerned, or does this seem like a side effect of the COVID inflammation that will eventually go away? Together, the testicles and scrotum are commonly referred to as "balls.". on this website is designed to support, not to replace the relationship WebGALVESTON, Texas New research out of Texas reports SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, can indeed infect the testicles. The swelling might make an adult's scrotum feel heavy. Moreover, a total of 32 patients (22.5%) had a diagnosis of acute inflammation of one or both testicles, epididymitis, or both (epididymoorchitis) in accordance with the diagnostic criteria. Handb Clin Neurol. Accessed Nov. 23, 2022. The three main symptoms of Covid to watch out for are a The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). "Ultrasound reveals a possible role of SARSCoV2 in acute testicular infection". Partin AW, et al., eds. Required fields are marked *. 2015;130:19-37. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1, Dagur G, Ghandi J, Suh Y, et all. 2013;54(1):210. -, Heldwein FL, Loeb S, Wroclawski ML, et al. Researchers foundviral particles in penis biopsies, taken from two people who previously had COVID-19. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Scrotal pain (child). This suggests tens of millions of men who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, especially those who had severe COVID-19, should evaluate their sexual health and fertility to determine if additional therapies could prevent or diminish future problems, Hope said. When I take ibuprofen, the swelling goes away. But is such speculation really on the ball, so to speak? Testicular cancer typically causes a hard, painless tumor on the front or side of the testicle. There is some reassuring data that the vaccine doesn't change sperm count. WebExperts have warned in a recent study a temperature has been known to cause damaging swelling in men's testicles. Accessed Nov. 23, 2022. Fever and chills. The testicles area pair of oval-shaped glands responsible for making sperm and the sex hormone testosterone. 2020;6:10701085. Ultrasound reveals a possible role of SARSCoV2 in acute testicular infection. A critical appraisal on the role of varicocele in male infertility. Physical activity doesn't cause it. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox, COVID-19 could cause male infertility and sexual dysfunction, but vaccines do not, A neural circuit that suppresses male aggression when an opponent is physically advantaged, Frequent fried food consumption linked to anxiety and depression, Sneaking past the blood-brain barrier to usher in the age of gene therapy for neurodegenerative disease, Tiny protein apparently produces titanic impact in the lungs when encountering bacterial pneumonia, Major depressive disorder linked to interplay of gut microbiome and blood metabolome, Examine male genital tract infection at later timepoints, Determine if testicles are a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 infection as has been suggested in literature, Investigate if SARS-CoV-2 infects tissues of the female reproductive system, Aid in the development of therapies and interventions to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on male fertility, Goal to eventually do PET scan on patients to determine the location of the virus and the best the course of care. In certain cases, orchitis from some of these other viruses could even lead to infertility or testicular tumors. The treatment of swollen testicles varies based on the underlying cause. You may see blood for over a week. Partin AW, et al., eds. An inguinal hernia is when a part of your intestine pushes through a weak spot in your groin. Conclusion: The study appears in the journal Microorganisms. WebSwelling of the heart muscle, heart failure, coma, paralysis, death Pertussis (whooping cough) DT aP vaccine protects against pertussis (whooping cough). If you feel anything unusual, see your doctor. In addition to swelling, symptoms of testicular cancer can include fatigue, unintended weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes in the groin. Symptoms of testicular cancer may include a lump or swelling in the testicle, pain or discomfort in the testicle, and a heavy feeling in the scrotum. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Accessed Nov. 23, 2022. Or it may happen slowly over time. Eating your own first may be the secret. Nonetheless, it wouldnt be completely surprising if the SARS-CoV2 could in some cases affect the testicles. It's important to find out if there are other causes of the swelling that could be treated. News-Medical. J Am Acad PA.2018;31(3):50-1. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000530304.69021.4b, Miyaoka R, Esteves SC. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Urological complications of COVID-19: a systematic review. Switched to Xeralto, and radiology in October.no visual PE. Careers. WebTesticular swelling as a COVID symptom? 2020;12:23746. There are severe common causes of testicular swelling a healthcare provider may explore during an evaluation. 6 months. Plus, its quite a leap to go from showing that cells in testicles may have more ACE2 receptors to showing that testicles are actually serving as reservoirs for the COVID-19 coronavirus. Eyre RC, et al. A person may also have abnormal breast enlargement (gynecomastia) or feel a dull ache or pain in the lower abdomen or scrotum. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Epub 2022 Dec 27. No grade 4 local reactions were reported. A recent review estimates that "10% to 22% of men with acute COVID-19 infection develop orchitis or epididymo-orchitis." It may be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, such as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), urinary tract infection (UTI), or mumps (a contagious viral disease). Salivary gland tumors. Dai P, Qiao F, Chen Y, Chan DYL, Yim HCH, Fok KL, Chen H. J Endocrinol Invest. In: Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. But a hydrocele might be linked with a health problem that can cause serious issues. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies It appears that the virus can go to all parts of the body when someone is symptomatically ill. Dead virus has been found in erectile tissues after severe, acute infection, but it's not totally clear if or how the virus causes erection issues. Recommendations CCAFU on the management of cancers of the urogenital system during an epidemic with Coronavirus COVID19. It might not need any treatment. One of the most repeated myths of COVID-19 vaccination concerns fertility. Injury or inflammation within the scrotum. doi:10.1159/000447145, Shaun L.Acute epididymitis. American Cancer Society. PMC Inguinal hernia. As if this pandemic hasnt been enough of a figurative kick to the genitals, theres now some groin speculation over whether the COVID-19 coronavirus can affect the testicles. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Scan this QR code to download the app now. Testicular torsion can occur for no apparent reason while sitting, standing, or even sleeping. A seminal tract infection or inflammation. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. The expression pattern of ACE2 implies that SARSCoV2 could affect the function of multiple organs in the human body. 12th ed. Communicating hydroceles are often linked with inguinal hernia. They can also damage certain ducts in the reproductive tract that contribute to spermatogenesis (the development of sperm cells). No statistically significant difference was reported in terms of patients' age, levels of CRP and D-Dimer or NLR and results of questionnaire form queries between the two groups (P > .05). Swollen testicles can have many different causes, both serious and nonserious. The paper can be found in the Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. These include testicle injuries and conditions like epididymitis, varicocele, hydrocele, inguinal hernia, and testicular torsion. But it's important to see a health care provider if the scrotum looks swollen. Dehydration. The researchers did not find viral particles in penis biopsies of two other people with no history of COVID-19 infection. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201115/Ultrasound-reveals-a-possible-role-of-SARSe28090CoVe280902-in-acute-testicular-infection.aspx. WebPainless swelling can happen quickly. Epub 2020 Nov 11. Well, the paper described how the authors found that cells in testicles tend to have higher numbers of these ACE2 receptors. Not every case is the same, and the range of symptoms a person experiences may suggest the underlying cause. The study, in SARS-CoV-2 infected Disclaimer. In addition, hormonal dysregulation is also present and may compound this problem. A hydrocele (HI-droe-seel) is a type of swelling in the scrotum, the pouch of skin that holds the testicles. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. If you feel anything unusual, see your doctor. Online ahead of print. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. The study, in SARS-CoV-2 infected-rhesus macaques, revealed the prostate, vasculature of testicles, penis and testicles were all infected with the virus. Gonococcal arthritis causes and risk factors. WebCORONAVIRUS can cause men's testicles to swell up - and leave them infertile, experts have claimed. Herpes. It may not be just about having balls. A small, self-reported survey of Italian men suggests a link between ED and COVID-19 infection. Previous studies have already shown that SARS-CoV-2, a causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), enters a host cell by utilizing its receptorbinding domain (RBD) that recognizes a specific cell surface receptor. "These results indicate that the testicular pain, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, reduced sperm count and quality, and decreased fertility associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are a direct consequence of infection of cells of the male reproductive tract and not indirect mechanisms such as fever and inflammation," said lead investigator Thomas Hope, professor of cell and developmental biology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Orchitis (swollen testicles) and erectile dysfunction (impotence) have been found to be a side effect in some men suffering from active COVID-19 infection as the virus is thought to cross the blood-testis barrier, said Ranjith Ramasamy, the director of reproductive urology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and the co-author In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2023 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, we spoke to Dr. Chad Merkin, Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology, about his work developing next-generation nanomaterials for medical applications. The swelling might make an adult's scrotum feel heavy. Microsoft Wants To Automate Medical Notes With GPT-4 But Doctors Need Convincing, Study: 88% Of Melatonin Gummy Products Inaccurately Labeled, Some Included CBD, Englands Unions Split On Healthcare Pay Deal, With Increasing Reliance On Healthcare Technology, Cybersecurity Is A Growing Concern, CDC Will Stop Tracking Covid-19 Community Levels, Here Are The Problems, Promises, Perils, And Predictions For Artificial Intelligence In Medicine: A Radiologists Perspective, No, These 2 Papers Dont Show Face Masks Cause Long Covid, MIES, Stillbirths, Minnesota Lawmaker About Marijuana: Just 2 Ounces Is Equivalent To 3 Joints, A paper that has been posted on the open platform. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Brucellar epididymo-orchitis in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study of 26 cases and review of the literature. The Texas team theorizes this is a likely representation of what may happen among human males experiencing mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Keep in mind, its normal for one testicle to be slightly larger or to hang lower than the other. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Medical Xpress in any form. Study authors conclude that future studies focusing on COVID-19 and testicles should consider factors like pre-existing health conditions (obesity, diabetes) and SARS-CoV-2 variants. Its still not clear why men may tend to experience worse COVID-19 outcomes than women or if this trend will continue to hold as more data emerges. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Metrovi, Tomislav.

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covid and testicular swelling

As a part of Jhan Dhan Yojana, Bank of Baroda has decided to open more number of BCs and some Next-Gen-BCs who will rendering some additional Banking services. We as CBC are taking active part in implementation of this initiative of Bank particularly in the states of West Bengal, UP,Rajasthan,Orissa etc.

covid and testicular swelling

We got our robust technical support team. Members of this team are well experienced and knowledgeable. In addition we conduct virtual meetings with our BCs to update the development in the banking and the new initiatives taken by Bank and convey desires and expectation of Banks from BCs. In these meetings Officials from the Regional Offices of Bank of Baroda also take part. These are very effective during recent lock down period due to COVID 19.

covid and testicular swelling

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the Models used by Bank of Baroda for implementation of Financial Inclusion. ICT based models are (i) POS, (ii) Kiosk. POS is based on Application Service Provider (ASP) model with smart cards based technology for financial inclusion under the model, BCs are appointed by banks and CBCs These BCs are provided with point-of-service(POS) devices, using which they carry out transaction for the smart card holders at their doorsteps. The customers can operate their account using their smart cards through biometric authentication. In this system all transactions processed by the BC are online real time basis in core banking of bank. PoS devices deployed in the field are capable to process the transaction on the basis of Smart Card, Account number (card less), Aadhar number (AEPS) transactions.