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They wanted to be able to have a truth serum that would make prisoners say everything they knew, also an amnesiac that would make people forget what they had done and, most important, a technique or a drug that would allow the CIA to direct agents to carry out acts like sabotage or assassination and then forget who had ordered them to do it, or even that they'd carried out the actions at all. Owing to the sensitivity of U-2 flights over the USSR, President Eisenhower insisted on approving each one. Both wings blew off. [5] This belief drove the CIA's early forays into mind control operations and led to justifications of countless horrific acts, often with no oversight or accountability. He later realized that this had nothing to do with schizophrenia, and he was a guinea pig in a government experiment aimed at seeing what people's long-term reactions to LSD was; essentially, could we make a person lose his mind by feeding him LSD every day over such a long period? And the idea was to try to draw out information and to see whether drugs could make people talk, and of course, they found out things that are very obvious - that people will talk. Botulinum takes several hours to work but is so potent that a concentrated dose of just two billionths of a gram can kill. GROSS: Among the very, very bizarre things about Sidney Gottlieb is after leaving the CIA, he pursued a spiritual life. I'm Dave Davies, in for Terry Gross. The Selective Service ranked him 4F, but he found work doing research at federal agencies and universities in the Washington, DC, area. He was even, by common account, a rather. He meditated. All rights reserved. They may have died without knowing they were part of the CIAs highly secretive program to develop ways to control mindsa program based out of a little-known Army base with a dark past, Fort Detrick. Sidney Gottlieb, who presided over the Central Intelligence Agency's cold-war efforts to control the human mind and provided the agency poisons to kill Fidel Castro, died on Sunday in. But this too wasnt what it seemed. No one knew when Castro would travel, and even if he stayed at a hotel the CIA could penetrate, his security detail would probably not allow his boots to be handled by strangers. First, you had to blast away the existing mind. Choosing a poison was not Gottliebs only contribution to the Castro assassination project. It was afraid that the Soviet Union would corner the market on LSD and use it as a chemical weapon or that China would perfect the black art of brainwashing, Mr. Gittinger said. So essentially, although his anonymity was briefly shattered, he was able to emerge from that experience without anybody reaching the heart of his mystery. Only when you get caught up in a cause like that that allows you to put aside conscience and all other moral considerations and even serious scientific considerations can you allow yourself to get caught up in a situation like this where one person is allowed, on his own whim, to go out and torture and kill people. [6], Gottlieb's first 18 months at the agency led to some frustrating discoveries. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. What he did not know and had no way of knowing is that that expedition to Mexico that produced the Life magazine article was paid for by Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA. That gave Richard Bissell and his covert action directorate another murder to plan. The man he chose, Sidney Gottlieb, was not part of the silver-spoon aristocracy from which most officers of the early CIA were recruited, but a 33-year-old Jew from an immigrant family who limped . The CIA was running one in my lab. He was born in the Bronx under his real name Joseph Sch[n]eider as son of Orthodox J immigrants from Hungary. of California Press), Framing Hitchcock (Wayne State University Press; coedited with Chris . One batch could not be used because the Cuban official who was to place the pills in Castros food was transferred out of proximity to the Cuban leader. His obituaries in the New York Timesand the Washington Post tended to focus own. Then-Deputy Director for Plans Allen Dulles hired him on Ira Baldwin's recommendation. [citation needed], In addition to working with subcontractors, the CIA worked with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense and the Office of Naval Intelligence, though it is unclear what role Gottlieb played in these affairs other than authorization. Another thing the Nazis provided was information about poison gases like sarin, which is still being used. The Life Summary of Sidney When Sidney Gottlieb was born on 3 August 1918, in The Bronx, New York City, New York, United States, his father, Louis Gottlieb, was 35 and his mother, Fannie Bender, was 30. At mid-morning on August 18, 1960, CIA director Allen Dulles and deputy director for plans Richard Bissell made an unscheduled visit to the White House. He wrote, I was in prison for committing a crime, but they committed a greater crime on me. Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 - March 7, 1999) was an American military psychiatrist and chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency's mind control program MKULTRA. In that capacity, he was also the chief poison maker, so he made the poisons to kill Zhou Enlai, Fidel Castro, Patrice Lumumba. What Sidney Gottlieb did is exactly what we sentenced Nazi doctors to death after the Second World War for doing in concentration camps. The shooter would almost certainly be killed or captured. Those contracted conducted experiments on Gottlieb's behalf and reported their findings to him. And this became part of his work during the late 1950s and into 1960. Finding a chemical that would make a beard fall out was just the kind of challenge Gottlieb enjoyed. Bulger wrote afterword about his experiences, which he described as quite horrific. A Soviet anti-aircraft missile had found its target, an aircraft that began tumbling wildly. [2], Gottlieb along with his wife, Margaret, moved back to the United States to Santa Cruz, California to be more involved in their young grandchildren's lives. Gottlieb, 43, was a biochemist. The first was the show trial of the Roman Catholic Primate of Hungary Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty for treason in 1949. So White and the people who worked with him would prep these prostitutes, and they would say, we want to find out under what circumstances - under what combination of sex and drugs men would be most likely to reveal secrets. Author Robert F. ONeill reconsiders three overlooked 1863 cavalry clashes. Sidney Gottlieb, chemist and intelligence officer: born New York 3 August 1918; married 1942 Margaret Moore (two sons, two daughters); died Washington, Virginia 7 March 1999. Why was it ended? MK-Ultra - HISTORY They had just received an urgent cable from Larry Devlin in the Congo. He left the City College of New York, first for the Arkansas Polytechnic Institute, then for the University of Wisconsin, where he graduated, magna cum laude, with a chemistry degree in 1940. Not only was it roughly based on those experiments, but the CIA actually hired the vivisectionists and the torturers who had worked in Japan and in Nazi concentration camps to come and explain what they had found out so that we could build on their research. He bought land with an old log cabin outside a small Virginia town, Boston, where he practiced two of his lifelong hobbies, folk dancing and herding goats. in 1951, although not before telling Mr. Gittinger, his interviewer, that he had been a socialist in his youth. So Stanford University was running a program in which they asked for volunteers to come in and try this new substance. Could you produce shock and confusion or physical disablement? A clubfoot kept him from military service in World War II, and he was always bitter that he missed the war, Mr. Gittinger said. Sidney Gottlieb was an American chemist and spymaster who headed the Central Intelligence Agency's 1950s and 1960s assassination attempts and mind-control program, known as Project MKUltra. The needle is extracted when tightly pulling the pin head. Gottliebs scientists procured thallium and began testing it on animals. So Sidney Gottlieb's MKUltra program was ended in the early 1960s. Powers was on one of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agencys most secret missions. We'll be right back. In the most humiliating moment of his presidency, Eisenhower was forced to admit that he had authorized his spokesmen to lie about the U-2. His planned summit with Khrushchev collapsed. Sidney Gottlieb (1918-1999) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree This is FRESH AIR. The couple also enjoyed farming their own food in their free time. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. He had already compounded lethal poisons. He spent his childhood in the Bronx wearing leg braces. Sidney Gottlieb was given the job of making the poison. Gottlieb, the son of Hungarian During 1961 and 1962, intermediaries working for the CIA passed several packets of Gottliebs botulinum pillscalled L-pills because they were lethalto gangsters for delivery to contacts in Cuba. After months of experimenting on agents and prisoners left Gottlieb unsatisfied, he sought help from the Special Operations Division at Detrick. Gottlieb approached Devlin and extended his hand. Allen Dulles, who ran the CIAs covert-operations directorate and would soon be promoted to direct the agency, considered his mind control projectfirst named Bluebird, then Artichoke, then MK-ULTRAto be of supreme importance, the difference between the survival and extinction of the United States. No one knew the CIA was making poisons there, but its role as the countrys principal center for research into biological and anti-crop warfare became clear. He edited books written by Alfred Hitchcock as well. ''He thought he was doing exactly what was needed. Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control. . There's a lot more to the CIA experiments with LSD, and some of it is pretty horrifying. On January 17, 1961, a squad of six Congolese and two Belgian officers took Lumumba out of confinement, brought him to a jungle clearing, shot him, and dissolved his remains in acid. Gottlieb chose a poison, and a Special Operations Division officer at Fort Detrick made the ampules. Will announce himself as Joe from Paris, the cable said. DAVIES: Stephen Kinzer speaking with Terry Gross, recorded last year, about his book, "Poisoner In Chief: Sidney Gottlieb And The CIA Search For Mind Control," which is now out in paperback. He had to waste unknown numbers of lives in order to reach a conclusion that should have been clear from the beginning. Powers was flying over what is now the Russian city of Yekaterinburg when the exploding missile rocked his plane. Sidney Gottlieb was born in New York City on Aug. 3, 1918, the son of immigrants from Hungary. Some of its secrets have been revealed in declassified documents, through interviews and as a result of congressional investigations. President Dwight Eisenhower authorized several more flights in the weeks that followed. By the time Gottlieb landed in the Congo, he could look back on almost a full decade at the CIA. He soon relocated to the University of Maryland as a research associate dedicated to studying metabolisms of fungi.[4]. Making them was no great challenge. A son of immigrant Jews, he had been born with club feet. Although CIA officers worked closely with the Congolese and Belgians who did the deed, they did not participate in or witness the execution. See the article in its original context from. Gottlieb was never convicted of any crimes. In a dramatic speech to the Supreme Soviet a week after the shoot-down, he revealed that large sections of the U-2 had been recovered and that Powers was alive and in custody. Gottlieb hesitated. He was a senior officer, a highly respected chemist, whom I had known for some time, Devlin wrote later. By now, Gottlieb and his partners at Fort Detrick had a suicide tool hidden inside a hollowed silver dollar. Gottlieb could not be publicly linked to the Powers episode, but it burnished his reputation within the CIA. During a 1953 meeting at a mountain retreat with MK-ULTRA head Dr. Sidney Gottlieb and other CIA employees, Olson and four other scientists drank a glass of Cointreau that had been secretly. Gottlieb began considering which lethal or incapacitating germs he would use. KINZER: This is one of the things that makes the Gottlieb story so fascinating. Is there any relation between Sidney Gottlieb (MK Ultra) and Scott GROSS: Yeah, I found that pretty hard to understand. Sidney Solomon Gottlieb (1890 - 1963) - Genealogy If the assignments received by Powers had not been of a criminal nature, his masters would not have supplied him with a lethal pin, the prosecutor said in his opening statement. And under the conditions of his employment, he was allowed to pursue any form of experimentation that he could imagine. A decade of intense experiments taught Gottlieb that there are indeed ways to destroy a human mind. Then he held up an enlarged photo of the poison needle. In the 1950s and 1960s, it was the center of the U.S. governments darkest experiments. They didn't know what to ask him. Spitting it out, Vito realized he had grabbed his cyanide-filled ampule. Both volunteered with Gottlieb using his new degree to help in middle schools, high schools, and occasionally hospice care facilities as a speech pathologist. As part of his work with the hallucinogen, he had planned an experiment, ultimately canceled because of weather conditions, in which an LSD-laced aerosol would be sprayed into a room of unsuspecting partygoers. So his imagination was very fertile. Framing Hitchcock: Selected Essays from the Hitchock Annual. Nazi doctors came to America to Fort Dietrich in Maryland, which was the center of this project, to lecture to CIA officers to tell them how long it took for people to die from sarin and was there a difference in how long it took to die if you were a small child or an infant, whether you were an elderly person or whether you were a healthy middle-aged person. Around his neck, like a good luck charm, hung a silver dollar he had been given. Brainstorming produced the outlines of a plot. His handful of CIA chemists worked so closely with their comrades in the Special Operations Division that they became a single unit. Gottlieb was allowed to work for 10 years without anybody supervising him or even really being aware or wanting to be aware of what he was doing. Nonetheless Fort Detrick, as it was renamed in 1956, remained Gottliebs chemical base. Books by Sidney Gottlieb (Author of Alfred Hitchcock) - Goodreads How CIA scientist Sidney Gottlieb - Daily Mail Online Sidney Gottlieb (Editor), Christopher Brookhouse (Editor), Charles L.P. Silet (Contributor), Christopher Morris (Contributor) 3.25 avg rating 4 ratings published 2002. The Secret History of Fort Detrick, the CIAs Base for Mind Control Experiments. Men will talk after sex. He made a list of the ways he thought drugs could be used to affect behavior. The first of these were the LSD experiments. I'm Dave Davies, in for Terry Gross. Gottlieb searched relentlessly for a way to blast away human minds so new ones could be implanted in their place. Upon returning, he reported his brush with death. The conclusion from all these activities, he admitted afterward, was that it was very difficult to manipulate human behavior in this way.. The CIA never fully abandoned the idea of killing Castro with firearms. And the university researchers had no idea that their research was actually being funded by the CIA. In 1953, he arranged a safe house for the Lockheed Aeronautics Services Division (LASD) with an easy and exclusive egress. Originally broadcast Sept. 9, 2019. A needle is inserted in the bore. [1] Early years and education That testimony constitutes the most detailed analysis of one of Gottliebs tools ever made public. The Secret History of Fort Detrick, the CIA's Base for Mind Control ''He bought that old house and the land with the idea of setting up a communal home, with several families living together,'' said Mr. Gittinger, a lifelong friend. A lifelong stutterer, he pursued a master's degree in speech therapy. For decades, though, much of what went on at the base was a closely held secret. (SOUNDBITE OF AVISHAI COHEN'S "GBEDE TEMIN"). His older brother was plant biologist David Gottlieb. And the people who might be supervising him really don't want to hear about it for reasons that have to do with the old CIA code, which is the code of all secret services - the less you know, the better. Nonetheless Gottlieb returned to Washington with a new credential. They didn't know what he had done abroad. Gottlieb administered LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs to unwitting subjects and financed psychiatric research and development of "techniques that would crush the human psyche to the point that it would admit anything". And actually, one of the things that is the most bizarre about the fact that we relied on Nazi doctors is that Sidney Gottlieb himself was Jewish, and his parents had emigrated from Central Europe in the early 20th century. He wasn't part of one of the experiments, but what's the connection? KINZER: As the chief CIA chemist, it was logical that Gottlieb be consulted whenever the CIA needed a poison or a toxin. He thought he was going insane. He lived in a log cabin with his wife and their four children on 15 wooded acres near Vienna, Virginia. Nanci Gottlieb, Susan and (son-in-law) Jeff Bernstein and adored grandsons . Sidney Gottlieb, Ph.D. has been teaching at Sacred Heart University since 1976. Joe from Paris was Sidney Gottlieb. GROSS: So this is just a little sidebar that I found very interesting as somebody who listens to a lot of jazz. The plan was abandoned when the lawyer decided to present Castro with a different diving suit. These failures brought the CIA, Technical Services, and Gottlieb back to Rosellis original idea: make poison and find a way to feed it to Castro. Gottlieb wanted to create a way to seize control of people's minds, and he realized it was a two-part process. Looking at it more closely, we could see the body of the pin to be a sheath not fitting quite tightly against the head. The CIA awarded him a medal. They considered using a sniperhunting good here when light is right, one officer wrotebut ruled out that option because Lumumba was living in seclusion and no reliable sniper was available. The grail he sought eluded him. Gottlieb, 43, was a biochemist. Enthralled by new chemicals, he sent promising samples to what had been upgraded to Fort Detrick. Saxitoxin, the substance on the poisoned pin, belongs to a class of naturally occurring aquatic poisons that, according to one study, surpass by many times such known substances as strychnine, curare, a range of fungi toxins, and potassium cyanide. The lethality of Gottliebs suicide pin and the inability of a leading Russian toxicologist to identify the substance with which Gottlieb had tainted it were testimony to the American scientists talent. A man rose from his chair at a caf across the street. He operated almost completely without supervision. It would have been murder . Bissell turned to the redoubtable Sheffield Edwards, who as head of the Office of Security kept the CIAs deepest secrets. And he made an astonishing variety of covert tools from all those things you see on TV like cameras that you can fit inside a cigarette lighter or a tie clip, all the way to more bizarre things like a rubber boat, a car with a secret compartment to smuggle agents out of foreign countries, a compressor for foreign currency so you could pack a huge amount of it into a small container. Sidney Gottlieb | Intelligence Wiki | Fandom He survived only because he had not bitten it. Visited in retirement by the son of his late colleague Frank Olson, he was residing in an "ecologically correct" home in Culpeper, Virginia, where he raised goats, ate yogurt and advocated peace and environmentalism. The United States and the Soviet Union watched with active interest. One was handed to the pilot of the first U-2 mission as he prepared to take off from an American base at Wiesbaden, Germany, on June 20, 1956. The same needle was inserted under the skin of a white mouse. It is so hard to reconcile the different parts of Sydney Gottlieb's personality - an Orthodox Jew who works with Nazi doctors on the CIA drug experiments, somebody who has, like, ruined lives, who's created poisons and done these, like, really horrible experiments on people but feels like he himself is a very spiritual person. Research Notes So the CIA, and Gottlieb in particular, were limited only by their own imagination. Bissell and his boss, CIA director Allen Dulles, assured the president that the planes were practically invulnerable. He crossed over a lot. The coercive use of toxins was a new field, and chemists at the Special Operations Division had to decide how to begin their research. One batch, a supremely potent shellfish poison known as saxitoxin, escaped destruction, though. The decision, to the best of his recollection, was that bacteria in liquid form was the best means [because] Castro frequently drank tea, coffee, or bouillon, for which liquid poison would be particularly well suited . The pin is of an intricate structure: there is a bore inside it extending its entire length except for the sharpened point. He is the longtime editor of two scholarly journals, the Hitchcock Annual (Columbia University Press; coedited with Richard Allen) and the George Herbert Journal.His edited books include Hitchcock on Hitchcock (Univ. Coming up, Justin Chang will review Steve McQueen's new five-film series, "Small Axe." In the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations, Mr. Gottlieb, always under orders from the Director of Central Intelligence or his chief spymaster, developed a poison handkerchief to kill an Iraqi colonel, an array of toxic gifts to be delivered to Fidel Castro, and a poison dart to kill a leftist leader in the Congo. Jesus H. Christ! Devlin exclaimed. 2, but he did a lot of work on No. The chemists reminded Bissell how Nazi war criminal Hermann Goering had slipped a glass ampule filled with liquid potassium cyanide into his mouth, bit down on it, and died within 15 seconds, cheating the hangman at Nuremberg. After 5 years in California the couple moved back to Virginia to a new home in a richer, but more rural area to spent their retirement years. He hatched a new idea that consumed Artichoke and gave him authority over all CIA research into mind control, including the ability to test drugs on witting and unwitting Americans, which was not being done under Artichoke. We're talking about his new book, "Poisoner In Chief: Sidney Gottlieb And The CIA Search For Mind Control." LSD had been invented only a decade earlier, and few Americans knew it existed. In fact, CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb had gone well beyond curare, a toxin that is found in tropical plants. Now, that doctor later died a natural death, so Bulger didn't get to carry out his wish. How did they end up in his program? The next time Castro traveled outside Cuba, thallium would be sprinkled into the boots he left outside his hotel room to be shined; his beard would fall out, leaving him open to ridicule and overthrow. Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 - March 7, 1999) was an American chemist and spymaster best known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency's 1950s and 1960s assassination attempts and mind-control program, known as Project MKUltra. A Cold War showdown loomed. Finally he gave his approval. Gottlieb's imagination ran wild. psychologist who vetted Mr. Gottlieb -- ''one of the most brilliant men I've ever known'' -- and worked with him for 22 years, said the agency began the tests because it was gripped by ''a great fear'' in the cold war. The men paused, absorbing the weight of the moment. Copyright 2020 NPR. Gottlieb created the MKUltra program, which experimented with psychoactive drugs like LSD to see what the effects were, with the goal of learning if LSD could be weaponized as a form of mind control. His use of alcohol and narcotics was legendary, but he was also a cop who did pursue jazz figures, including Billie Holiday. They meant to destroy Castro before he could carry out his promise to rid the country of crime and vice. GROSS: Well, Stephen Kinzer, thank you for this book. We'll be right back after a short break. He couldn't remember what part of the CIA he had worked in. The U-2 squadron and its missionto photograph Soviet military installationswere among Americas most classified secrets. He had built MK-ULTRA into the most intense and structured mind control research program in history. I realized that I could never assassinate Lumumba. One of Gottliebs aides later testified that he had ordered this operation without informing his boss. So MKUltra was a project lasting up to 10 years in which the CIA sought to find ways to control the human mind. He was born Joseph Scheider or Schneider (later changing his name to Sidney Gottlieb) on August 3, 1918, to Louis, a tailor, and his wife Fanny, Orthodox Jewish immigrants from Hungary, in the . As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The CIAs epically inept 1961 invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs intensified Kennedys determination. In fact, CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb had gone well beyond curare, a toxin that is found in tropical plants. He actually created and found ways to administer poison. Seventy-six years ago, however, when the Army selected Detrick as the place to develop its super-secret plans to wage germ warfare, the area around the base looked much different. The CIA achieved its objective in the Congo unexpectedly and elegantly. Tim Leary, who became the great guru of LSD, first came across psychedelics through Sidney Gottlieb, although like all these other people, he had never heard Gottlieb's name because Gottlieb lived in complete invisibility. He will fully identify himself and explain his assignment to you.. Khrushchev, however, had the last word. In his freezers, he kept biological agents that could cause diseases including smallpox, tuberculosis and anthrax as well as a number of organic toxins, including snake venom and paralytic shellfish poison. He did testify at two rounds of hearings, one undercover - that is, under a pseudonym in a private room - another under his own name but also in a private room. MK-ULTRA also served other CIA needs, such as making assassination weapons. In another, captured North Koreans were given depressant drugs, then dosed with potent stimulants and exposed to intense heat and electroshock while they were in the weakened state of transition. He had tested such an aerosol. The CIA inspector general who later investigated this plot reported that an Agency officer did contaminate a full box of fifty cigars with botulinum toxin, a virulent poison that produces a fatal illness some hours after it is ingested. Operation Midnight Climax was an operation carried out by the CIA as a sub-project of Project MKUltra, the mind-control research program that began in the 1950s.It was initially established in 1954 by Sidney Gottlieb and placed under the direction of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in Boston, Massachusetts with the "Federal Narcotics Agent and CIA consultant" George Hunter White under the . Under the arrangements provisions, according to a later report, CIA acquired the knowledge, skill, and facilities of the Army to develop biological weapons suited for CIA use.. His shops main mission was developing mind control toolsone study focused on adapting the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide-25LSDfor that use. Sidney Gottlieb of TSD claims to remember distinctly a plot involving cigars, the report says. So there is enough out there to reconstruct some of what he did, but his effort to wipe away his traces by destroying all those documents in the early '70s was quite successful. . That spring, U-2 flights were taking off from a secret CIA airfield near Peshawar, Pakistan. Nonetheless, he didn't reveal anything, and he claimed, essentially, to have forgotten everything that he had spent his whole CIA career doing. He never had to file serious reports to anybody. So Tim Leary's interest in psychedelic drugs was sparked by an article that appeared in Life magazine in 1957. He spied on musicians and entrapped them, including Billie Holiday, and Billie Holiday being busted was a turning point in her career because she couldn't get a cabaret license. I wasnt there when he approved it, but Dick Bissell said that Eisenhower wanted Lumumba removed.. Gottlieb remembers the scheme as being one that was talked about frequently but not widely, and as being concerned with killing, not merely influencing behavior.. . Stephen Kinzer's book, 'Poisoner in Chief,' exposes how CIA scientist Sidney Gottlieb worked in the 1950s and early '60s to develop mind control drugs and deadly toxins that could be used against .
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