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- Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. As scholar Edward Pechter has argued, During the past twenty-five years or so, Othello has become the Shakespearean tragedy of choice, replacing King Lear in the way Lear had earlier replaced Hamlet as the play that speaks most directly and powerfully to current interests.. Abstract. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . Is Othello or Hamlet better? Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. Othello demonstrates all of these characteristics in the play, proving him to be a tragic hero. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". The first systematic application of Jungs ideas to literature was made in 1934 by Maud Bodkin in Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: An attempt is here made to bring psychological analysis and reflection to bear upon the imaginative experience communicated by great poetry, and to examine those forms or patterns in which the universal forces of our nature there find objectification (vii). The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh He is a character of high stature that is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). 1924) to move beyond clinical inquiry within the consulting room of psychotherapy to formulate archetypal theory as a multidisciplinary field (Archetypal 1). 1. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism through the theories of psychologist C. G. Jung and literary theorist Northrop Frye. If it were now to die / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. But heres my husband; Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. From the moment when the temptation of the hero begins, the readers heart and mind are held in a vice, experiencing the extremes of pity and fear, sympathy and repulsion, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. OTHELLO: My name, that was as fresh. Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. They were built to defen the city of Nicosia during the Otto-man Venetian war. But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). Of one that loved not wisely but too well, He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. Finally, Othello arrives giving him the opportunity to renew his marriage vows to Desdemona: It gives me wonder great as my content Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. Succeeds in unknown fate. Even when Desdemona was found after Othello strangles her, she still believed that her death was not the fault of Othello. Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . After the. What makes you cringe? Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. Carl Jungs Contribution to Psychoanalytic Theory. Their discourse is conducted in poetic language; that is, their notions of soul-making come from the Romantics, especially William Blake and John Keats. This juxtaposition between Othello's transparency and Iago's duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. For Frye, as William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks put it, archetype, borrowed from Jung, means a primordial image, a part of the collective unconscious, the psychic residue of numberless experiences of the same kind, and thus part of the inherited response-pattern of the race (Literary Criticism 709). Many fell prey to Jungs idiosyncrasies as a reader, ranging widely and naively over genres, periods, and languages in search of the universal archetypes, while sweeping aside cultureand text-specific problems, ignoring their own role in the act of reading and basing critical evaluation solely on a texts contribution to the advancement of the readers individuation process, a kind of literature-astherapy standard. Peopleshow more content An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. what is wrong with franklin baby on tiktok. Archetypal analysis is an appropriate model for customer heterogeneity whenever the underlying structure is best defined by the extremes. Othello also matches Aristotle's ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causing us to feel sympathy for him. According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. The first two acts of the play enact the standard pattern of Shakespeares romantic comedies. Nor set down aught in malice. This last text explicitly named the movement and demonstrated its appropriation of archetypal theory for feminist ends in aesthetics, analysis, art, and religion, as well as in literature. The execution of his wit, hands, heart The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. First Cassio lands to deliver the news of Othellos marriage and, like the best man, supplies glowing praise for the groom and his bride; next Desdemona, accompanied by Iago and his wife, Emilia, enters but must await news of the fate of Othellos ship. She does not fight back nor call for help, Desdemona begs for her life asking to Kill me (Desdemona) tomorrow; let me live tonight! (V.ii.97). Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? The critical annotations are astute and, given their brevity, surprisingly thorough and suggestive. edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. Tis done at your request; but let her live. 2. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. O my souls joy, Othello assumes that Emilia is helping Desdemona in her infidelity. Despite naively playing into Iago's hands earlier by giving him the handkerchief, Emilia shows her earnest loyalty to Desdemona. . Iago: My friend is dead. Archetypal Criticism of Othello Othello, one of Shakespeare's most popular tragedies, is full of symbols, motifs, and themes that make it relatable to people all over the world. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. On a general level, Jungs and Fryes theorizings about archetypes, however labeled, overlap, and boundaries are elusive, but in the disciplines of literature the two schools have largely ignored each others work. When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Comparing the amount written about the two plays, people find Hamlet more interesting to discuss. Reading example essays works the same way! . His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. Written in 2001, this piece of British metafiction tells a brilliant story of love, war, mistakes, forgiveness, and, of course, atonement. As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). Othello A Christian Moor who has earned a high reputation as a general in the Venetian army and has recently married Desdemona, daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. Farewell! Jungs Psychology of the Unconscious (1916, B. M. Hinkles translation of the 1911-12 Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido) appeared in English one year after publication of the concluding volume with bibliography of the third edition of J. G. Frazers The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (2 vols., 1890,3d ed., 12 vols., 1911-15). Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. Abstract. O, damn her, damn her! The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. According to Hillman, that discourse was anticipated by Evangelos Christous Logos of the Soul (1963) and extended in religion (David L. Millers New Polytheism, 1974), philosophy (Edward Caseys Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, 1976), mythology (Rafael Lopez-Pedrazas Hermes and His Children, 1977), psycholinguistics (Paul Kuglers Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, 1982), and the theory of analysis (Patricia Berrys Echos Subtle Body, 1982). Within these three days let me hear thee say In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. My soul hath content so absolute This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. Speak of me as I am. Ralph Manheim, 1974); Morris Philipson, Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic (1963, reprint, 1991); Annis Pratt et al., Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981); Jos van Meurs and John Kidd, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980: An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Works in English (with a Selection of Titles after 1980) (1988); William K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History (1957). These patterns include persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures. Active Themes Emilia returns with Desdemona. That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. 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The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. Desdemona is shown as the most pure and proper of the women in Othello and is put into the center of all the drama. Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory. The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. And will upon the instant put thee tot. To wronged Othellos service. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. Let us know! "), "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." Consider the implications of this idea. The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. In her final moments, Desdemona chooses not to blame Othello for her death because she saw that the honor of their love was more important than honesty. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. No more of that. No products in the cart. An archetype is recurrent. It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Iago reviews Othellos performance as a lover by stating, O, you are well tuned now, / But Ill set down the pegs that make this music. Iago will now orchestrate discord and disharmony based on a life philosophy totally opposed to the ennobling and selfless concept of love demonstrated by the newlyweds. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. Toril Moi, trans. FREE Archetype Essay Essay - Example Essays This recurring idea of an evil witch is extremely common and archetypal. R. F. C. Hull, 2 vois., 1973-75). In addition, he modified and extended his concept over the many decades of his professional life, often insisting that archetype named a process, a perspective, and not a content, although this flexibility was lost through the codifying, nominalizing tendencies of his followers. In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. 364-367). Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX, ("An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. However, for Othello this is not the case. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. The romantic climax comes in the trial scene of act 1, in which Othello success-fully defends himself before the Venetian senate against Brabantios charge that Othello has beguiled his daughter, stoln from me, and corrupted / By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Calmly and courteously Othello recounts how, despite the differences of age, race, and background, he won Desdemonas heart by recounting the stories of his exotic life and adventures: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. Wonder at Othellos heroic adventures and compassion for her sympathy have brought the two opposites togetherthe young, inexperienced Venetian woman and the brave, experienced outsider.
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