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The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" (a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess, or a female figure when headed by a male god)[46] towards a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Dumuzid, Lugalbanda and Gilgameshwho reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2900 BC, when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. WebThe Sumerians are said to have originated in the Middle East and their descendants are the modern Assyrians, Mandaeans, Iraqi Arabs and the Marsh Arabs. [15], Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), a non-Semitic and non-Indo-European agglutinative language isolate. These Saharan people were round-headed ancient Mediterranean type. Religion. ", "Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known. 2016 have suggested a partial North African origin for some pre-Semitic cultures of the Middle East, particularly Natufians, after testing the genomes of Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture-bearers. Later, the Third Dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi (c. 21122004 BC, middle chronology), whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, has been erroneously called a "Sumerian renaissance" in the past. In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. "[56], The Sumerians were one of the first known beer-drinking societies. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force, which could happen if peasants lost their subsistence land or became bondservants due to inability to repay their debt. SeventeenthDynasty, (15001100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha, Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II, Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age. [105] Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. By around 2100 BCE Sumerian was dying as a spoken language but because it was associated with ancient royal and religious authority and learning, it was adopted by the Third Dynasty of Ur for the administration of their extensive Mesopotamian kingdom. All knowledge of their history, language and technologyeven their namewas eventually forgotten. What race were Akkadians? It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. )/la naqbat (Akk.) Plants were also grown in pots or vases. The oil-jars, and probably others also, were sealed with clay, precisely as in early, "A feathered head-dress was worn. Thus, in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish, creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water, between male Abzu, and female Tiamat. WebSemite, name given in the 19th century to a member of any people who speak one of the Semitic languages, a family of languages spoken primarily in parts of western Asia and Africa. The inscriptions of King Shulgi, who likely spoke Akkadian, describe him as being of Sumerian seed, but perhaps only in the sense that he originated from southern Mesopotamia and had mastered the dead language. World's most ancient race traced in DNA study. The San people of southern Africa, who have lived as hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, are likely to be the oldest population of humans on were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad.[35]. [94][89][95] Lapis lazuli was imported in great quantity by Egypt, and already used in many tombs of the Naqada II period (c. 3200 BC). Uruk period, c. 3200 BC. After around 2000 B.C., ancient Sumerian gradually died off as a spoken language in the region. Naked priest offering libations to a Sumerian temple (detail), "The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." While spears, bows, arrows, and daggers (but not swords) were employed in war. The credit for this must go to the Reverend Edward Hincks (1792-1866). There is a consensus among Egyptologists that the Great Pyramids were not built by slaves. That these two racial groups were opponents appeared to be suggested by cuneiform inscriptions: the Semitic dynasty of King Sargon defeated the Sumerians and, despite a brief renaissance, they ultimately succumbed to the more aggressive population. Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title "King of Sumer and Akkad", such as Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria after c. 1225 BC. Sumerian writing is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature, both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. They were thought to be the offspring of the goddess Nammu and were originally united as one. Following an Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of Ibbi-Sin (c. 20282004 BC),[citation needed] Sumer came under Amorite rule (taken to introduce the Middle Bronze Age). According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques, such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. By unpacking this more recent history, it is possible to consider what we think we know about the Sumerians and how we know it. After Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites and Babylonians in the early second millennium B.C., the Sumerians gradually lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a political force. [63] The Sumerians widely believed that masturbation enhanced sexual potency, both for men and for women,[63] and they frequently engaged in it, both alone and with their partners. But is this picture correct? [59]:78 One Sumerian proverb describes the ideal, happy marriage through the mouth of a husband who boasts that his wife has borne him eight sons and is still eager to have sex. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. The universe was divided into four quarters: Their known world extended from The Upper Sea or Mediterranean coastline, to The Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf and the land of Meluhha (probably the Indus Valley) and Magan (Oman), famed for its copper ores. The king-priest and his acolyte feeding the sacred herd. For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: Roux, Georges (1992), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin). [109][unreliable source] They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.[110]. The government required individuals to work on the canals in a corve, although the rich were able to exempt themselves. While it can be read, making sense of things requires understanding how Sumerians used metaphors. Sumerian mythology claims that, in the beginning, human-like gods ruled over Earth. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three-fifths. [16][17][18][19][20] In contrast to its Semitic neighbours, it was not an inflected language. [61] Neither Sumerian nor Akkadian had a word exactly corresponding to the English word 'virginity', and the concept was expressed descriptively, for example as a/-nu-gi4-a (Sum. White slaves were brought to Egypt from the eastern coast of the Black Sea and from the Circassian settlements of Anatolia via Istanbul. The text usually referred to as the Sumerian King List (SKL) is a composition somewhere between a literary text and a list proper, which deals with the history of kingship in Babylonia from the beginning of time to the early centuries of the second millennium BCE. Although the writing system was first hieroglyphic using ideograms, logosyllabic cuneiform soon followed. What race were Sumerians? Kyoto2.org 'country' + 'lords' + 'noble') as seen in their inscriptions. What race were Sumerians? ouestny.com [107] The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2450 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have used professional soldiers.[108]. [105], Periodically, rulers signed "clean slate" decrees that cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Some slaves worked in the fields, but this was pretty uncommon since the wealthy were generally not involved in farming. What is the origin of human beings according to Sumerian texts? The heartland of Sumer lay between the Euphrates Our accumulated body of knowledge, most notably, suggests that these writings are scientifically grounded and authentic and their content is clear. Slaves mostly worked domestic chores in the homes of the wealthy, but could also be used in the temple to do work for the priests. They have been discovered by Leonard Woolley when the Royal Cemetery of Ur has been excavated between from 1922 and 1934. Most difficult are the earliest texts, which in many cases do not give the full grammatical structure of the language and seem to have been used as an "aide-mmoire" for knowledgeable scribes. Left: Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler. WebWhat ethnicity was Sumerians? The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement, "The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: sagiga[humankind]", "Ancient Mesopotamia. Explanations based on hypothetical migrations have fallen out of favour as evidence for significant cultural continuity in prehistory has been identified, including the development of recording technologies that led to practices of book-keeping and the origins of writing. 'head' + 'black', or , sag-gg-ga phonetically /sa i a/, lit. The origins of the Sumerians are murky, but many scholars have suggested that they may have arrived from the south (the oldest city, Eridu, is in the south). They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. What skin color were the Sumerians? This was corroborated by other scholars including, Chandra Chakaberty, who asserted in his book A Study in Hindu Social Polity that based on the statuaries and steles of Babylonia, the Sumerians were of dark complexion (chocolate colour ), short stature, but of sturdy frame, oval face, stout nose, straight hair, [65]:151. The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. [78] The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. In the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into many independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. Standing Male Worshipper. Sumer (/sumr/) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. The five "first" cities, said to have exercised pre-dynastic kingship "before the flood": (2an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia). The origins of human beings according to ancient Sumerian texts. The Babylonians dress similar to the Sumerians, and they sometimes wore skirts and shawls as well. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 24002350 BC. [70], Early writing tablet for recording the allocation of beer; 31003000 BC; height: 9.4cm; width: 6.87cm; from Iraq; British Museum (London), Cuneiform tablet about administrative account with entries concerning malt and barley groats; 31002900 BC; clay; 6.8 x 4.5 x 1.6cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Bill of sale of a field and house, from Shuruppak; c. 2600 BC; height: 8.5cm, width: 8.5cm, depth: 2cm; Louvre, Stele of the Vultures; c. 2450 BC; limestone; found in 1881 by douard de Sarzec in Girsu (now Tell Telloh, Iraq); Louvre, The Sumerians credited their divinities for all matters pertaining to them and exhibited humility in the face of cosmic forces, such as death and divine wrath. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 23342279 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Rev. Sumerians caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle.[83]. What was the race of Sumerians? ProfoundAdvice Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. This is consistent with Andonite genetic heritage, which gave rise 500,000 years ago to the six Sangik races. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. Genders, man and woman wear straight skirts and shawls in Babylon. [64][63][60], Prostitution existed but it is not clear if sacred prostitution did. To the south of the region of [41][42], By the time of the Uruk period (c. 41002900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large, stratified, temple-centered cities (with populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. The ancient name of this language was controversial until 1889 when a bilingual cuneiform text noted that the term emegi was equivalent to Akkadian lian umeri the Sumerian language. Rather, it was farmers who built the pyramids during flooding, when they could not work in their lands. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. What race were Sumerians? What race were Sumerians? ipodbatteryfaq.com [86] The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. Winter, Irene J. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions. These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports, though the crew carried battle-axes and lances. [22][23] Alternatively, a recent (2013) genetic analysis of four ancient Mesopotamian skeletal DNA samples suggests an association of the Sumerians with Indus Valley Civilization, possibly as a result of ancient Indus-Mesopotamia relations. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization", For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. ", "Tablets were used for writing purposes. The Mysterious Origins of the Worlds First City-Builders By the late nineteenth century, culture and civilization were being thought of as biologically determined by race. WebAre Sumerians and Akkadians the same? The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. [citation needed], Marriages were usually arranged by the parents of the bride and groom;[59]:78 engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets. Why was Mesopotamia a good place for the 1st civilization? Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. [25][26][27], A prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians have been termed the "Proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",[28] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian uppu(m) ?) After Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites and Babylonians in the early second millennium B.C., the Sumerians gradually lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a political force. Although the idea of the Sumerians as a distinct people was initially challenged (in a very acrimonious scholarly debate informed by anti-Semitic prejudice), a historical framework was established in which they were thought to have arrived from outside Mesopotamia, introducing civilization to the region. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labour captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style.[79]. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. WebOthers have suggested that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in At an early stage, following the dawn of recorded history, Nippur, in central Mesopotamia, replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city, whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city-states. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Daggers with metal blades and wooden handles were worn, and copper was hammered into plates, while necklaces or collars were made of gold. While Shuruppaks fatherly wisdom is one of the most ancient examples of written literature, historys oldest known fictional story is probably the Epic of Gilgamesh, a mythic poem that first appeared as early as the third millennium B.C. Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke What did slaves in Mesopotamia wear? The decipherment of cuneiform in the mid nineteenth century revealed that a majority of the known inscriptions recorded a Semitic language that would come to be termed Akkadian. [49] However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered, by Sargon. The Sumerians were Black Rawlinson was convinced that there was a relationship between the Sumerians and Africans. As a result he used two African languages: one Semitic and the other Cushitic to decipher the cuneiform writing. Rawlinson was sure that the ancient Nubians and Puntites founded Mesopotamian civilization.(1) The obligations, loans and prices in general were usually denominated in one of them. The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, monocropping involving the use of plough agriculture, and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a "Semitic vs. Sumerian" conflict. Wall plaque showing libations to a seated god and a temple. [2][3], The Akkadian word umer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term umer is uncertain. As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. The Sumerians called themselves the black headed people and their land, in cuneiform script, was simply the land or the land of the black headed peopleand, in the biblical Book of Genesis, Sumer is known as Shinar. Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form. The ancient Sumerians, the "black-headed ones," lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. Teaching materials", "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East", "mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization", "Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus", "Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios", "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, taken over by the newly arrived Sumerians from the indigenous Semites. It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civilization, Mesoamerica, the Indus Valley civilisation, and ancient China. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. It is possible that the majority of people living here had spoken Sumerian but it may have become an increasingly bi-lingual world in which people moved between Sumerian and Akkadian according to social and religious demands and expectations. The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor (ensi) or by a king (lugal) who was intimately tied to the city's religious rites. WebAncient Mesopotamia proved that fertile land and the knowledge to cultivate it was a fortuitous recipe for wealth and civilization. What race were the ancient Sumerians? Tracks-movie.com Some female slaves were used as concubines by the master. [60], The Sumerians generally seem to have discouraged premarital sex. General location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline. The most widespread material in Sumer was clay, as a result many Sumerian objects are made of clay. As early as 1849 Hincks had also concluded that the language of the inventors of cuneiform was not in fact Akkadian and that the system of writing derived from a people who spoke a non-Semitic language. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. The Amorite "dynasty of Isin" persisted until c. 1700 BC, when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule. Their descendants are the African Diaspora of North and South America Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. These deities formed the main pantheon, and in addition to this there were hundreds of other minor gods. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training. [93] About twenty seals have been found from the Akkadian and Ur III sites, that have connections with Harappa and often use Harappan symbols or writing. This led them to live in larger communitiesthe first cities. Bottro, Jean, Andr Finet, Bertrand Lafont, and George Roux. Required fields are marked *. This pattern continued to influence regional Mesopotamian myths. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes. [105], Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. Proto-writing dates back before 3000 BC. Register today for FREE to become a Friend of ASOR so that you can join our team and receive exclusive benefits (The Ancient Near East Today and Online Resources). The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3500 and c. 3000 BC. [52] This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. [81] American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization,[82] and that 89% of the population lived in the cities. Some archaeologists have speculated that the original speakers of ancient Sumerian may have been farmers, who moved down from the north of Mesopotamia after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. [51] Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. What ethnicity was Sumerians? The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieroi gamoi or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings, the gods. The resultant hills, known as tells, are found throughout the ancient Near East. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial typethat conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, taken over by the newly arrived Sumerians from the indigenous Semites. Mark M. Jarzombek and Vikramaditya Prakash, By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world, Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975, harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFIfrah2001 (, British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. He drank the beer-seven jugs! They wrapped around the body and tied with a belt at the waist to hold the skirts up. Genetics will not solve the puzzle, but it may help in elucidating relationships. The origins of the Sumerians are murky, but many scholars have suggested that they may have arrived from the south (the oldest city, Eridu, is in the south). Others have suggested that the Sumerians descended from the mountains of the northeast. Assembled from archaeological and written evidence over the past 150 years, the idea of a Sumerian people has been shaped by the shifting social, political and intellectual contexts of scholarship and popular reception. Some are surprisingly familiar. After around 2000 B.C., ancient Sumerian gradually died off as a spoken language in the region. What race were Sumerians? [85] The period c. 27002300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [33] Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (Early Dynastic I). The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. They have been understood as a distinct people, speaking a common language, who occupied the alluvial plains of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) between approximately 3500 and 2000 BCE. Your email address will not be published. At a basic level, the Sumerians can be defined by their language, which is recognisable in cuneiform texts dating from around 2800 BCE to the early centuries CE. Cylinder seal and impression in which appears a ritual scene before a temple faade; 35003100 BC; bituminous limestone; height: 4.5cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Ram in a Thicket; 26002400 BC; gold, copper, shell, lapis lazuli and limestone; height: 45.7cm; from the Royal Cemetery at Ur (Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq); British Museum (London), Standard of Ur; 26002400 BC; shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli on wood; length: 49.5cm; from the Royal Cemetery at Ur; British Museum, Bull's head ornament from a lyre; 26002350 BC; bronze inlaid with shell and lapis lazuli; height: 13.3cm, width: 10.5cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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