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[29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. Article The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. L2b1a. Hg G also occurs at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% in both the rest of Near/Middle East and southern European countries (especially Italy and Greece), with a decreasing frequency gradient towards the Balkans and northern Europe. Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA) This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. Haplogroup G-P303 - Wikipedia Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Where did the haplogroup G-M201 originate? - Quora Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic - Nature Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. To obtain The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . [citation needed] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. and JavaScript. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia.
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As a part of Jhan Dhan Yojana, Bank of Baroda has decided to open more number of BCs and some Next-Gen-BCs who will rendering some additional Banking services. We as CBC are taking active part in implementation of this initiative of Bank particularly in the states of West Bengal, UP,Rajasthan,Orissa etc.
We got our robust technical support team. Members of this team are well experienced and knowledgeable. In addition we conduct virtual meetings with our BCs to update the development in the banking and the new initiatives taken by Bank and convey desires and expectation of Banks from BCs. In these meetings Officials from the Regional Offices of Bank of Baroda also take part. These are very effective during recent lock down period due to COVID 19.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the Models used by Bank of Baroda for implementation of Financial Inclusion. ICT based models are (i) POS, (ii) Kiosk. POS is based on Application Service Provider (ASP) model with smart cards based technology for financial inclusion under the model, BCs are appointed by banks and CBCs These BCs are provided with point-of-service(POS) devices, using which they carry out transaction for the smart card holders at their doorsteps. The customers can operate their account using their smart cards through biometric authentication. In this system all transactions processed by the BC are online real time basis in core banking of bank. PoS devices deployed in the field are capable to process the transaction on the basis of Smart Card, Account number (card less), Aadhar number (AEPS) transactions.